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California was part of Mexico during this time. In 1833, the Mexican government passed a law that secularized and ended missions.
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For several years, there was debate about what to do with the mission system. End of the Mission Systemīy 1821, Mexico won its independence from Spain. The buildings of this period are sometimes labeled as “mission style” to describe the signature design and craftsmanship. Missions were built around patios that contained fountains and a garden. Typically, buildings had large courtyards with tall adobe walls. Native Americans used all-natural materials, such as stone, timber, mud brick, adobe and tile to build mission structures. Many of the buildings, houses and churches still exist today. The mission period greatly influenced architecture in California. They were assigned six soldiers to protect them and the mission properties. Padres, or religious leaders, oversaw the mission. Other jobs included carpentry, building, weaving and leather-working. The Spanish missionaries also brought fruits from Europe, such as apples, peaches and pears. Wheat, barley and maize were some of the staple crops that were grown. Both learned Spanish and attended church.įarming was an especially important job in the mission community. Typically, men worked in the fields, and women cooked. The native converts were known as “neophytes.” After they were baptized, they were expected to perform labor. Once the natives converted to Christianity, the missionaries would move on to new locations, and the existing missions served as churches. Then, they would move to homes outside of the missions. The natives lived in the missions until their religious training was complete. The Spanish established pueblos (towns) and presidios (forts) for protection. The missions created new communities where the Native Americans received religious education and instruction. (1823) Mission San Francisco Solano Life in the Mission (1798) Mission San Luis Rey de FranciaĢ1.
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(1797) Mission San Fernando Rey de Españaġ8. (1791) Mission Nuestra Señora de la Soledadġ7. (1776) Mission San Francisco de Asís (Mission Dolores)ġ1. (1772) Mission San Luis Obispo de TolosaĦ. (1770) Mission San Carlos Borromeo de Carmeloĥ. The 21 California missions, listed in the order they were founded, are:Ģ. Spain used mission work to influence the natives with cultural and religious instruction.Īnother motivation for the missions was to ensure that rival countries, such as Russia and Great Britain, didn’t try to occupy the California region first. The main goal of the California missions was to convert Native Americans into devoted Christians and Spanish citizens. Junipero Serra went on to establish eight more missions before his death in 1784. The missionaries rebuilt the mission as an army fort. In 1775, hundreds of local Tipai-Ipai Indians attacked and burned the San Diego Mission, killing three men, including Father Luis Jayme. The native Indians who occupied the region were initially resistant to the mission. This was known as Mission San Diego de Alcalá and was located in present-day San Diego. He also sent military troops and Franciscan missionaries to the new land.įranciscan priest Father Junipero Serra founded the first mission in 1769.
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In 1769, the Spanish king ordered land and sea expeditions to depart from Mexico to California. Although Spain claimed California as its territory in 1542, Spaniards didn’t try to occupy the land until the late 1700s.Īround the time of the first missions, Spain had a considerable presence in Mexico.